【新唐人2014年08月15日讯】中国官方在日前承认：有两万多家中国企业在海外投资，但是“90%以上是亏损的”，这包括“国企，央企还有地方企业”。中国的经济学者茅于轼指出，国有企业海外投资大多失败，而私营企业恰好相反，大多成功。为什么国企和私企同在海外投资，成败却相差如同两重天？下面请来看看有关报导。
大陆“经济贸易促进会”副会长王文利日前披露，中国企业仅在美国就投资了八百亿左右，涉及电脑、风电项目、机械和房地产等多个领域。其中很大一部分资金是投入房地产项目，约有两百亿美元。
而媒体和学者经常讨论：中国企业海外投资的失败原因。其中包括：政治体制不同造成全社会的经济运行模式不同﹔企业运作理念差异很大，如，中国和外国的工会职能完全不同；还有，中国企业的环保标准远远达不到国际标准，追加投资与利润形成矛盾﹔以及西方国家成熟的市场经济反对中国国企的“垄断行为”等。
中国经济学者茅于轼：“因为文化、环境、制度都不一样，这个是普遍问题。也不能说100%都失败，私人资本投资成功的占多数。赔钱主要是国企，他们花别人的钱不在乎，所以就赔了。这个90%指的是国企，私企大概是相反，90%几都成功。”
美国500强企业之一——“高盛集团”的首席执行官劳埃德•布兰克费恩（Lloyd Blankfein）曾明确指出，对于来自中国的投资，需要区分是私营企业还是国有企业。对中国的国有企业的投资和收购，美国监管者在国家安全的考量之外，还要考量他们的经济行为是出于商业动机还是国家动机。不同的国有企业实际是同一个控制者——中共当局，因此就要受到美国的国内反垄断法的约束。
旅美时事评论员蓝述：“官方的企业它在海外的运作方式跟国内是差不了多少的，基本上还是一个极权的制度下的官办企业的运作方式，它的决策、很多过程并不是跟国外的这种企业管理方式接轨。这个就造成它对市场的敏感度及整个的营销过程、对顾客的服务过程都是差一截。”
据大陆媒体去年报导，中国在海外的矿业投资，失败率高达八成。例如：澳大利亚原本是矿业大国，但中国去年上半年对澳矿业的投资，降到了历史的最低点。据“中国矿业联合会”(中矿联)国际与地矿金融项目部项目负责人常兴国披露，中国在钾盐和铁矿方面的投资，获得成功的寥寥无几。受中共国土资源部和商务部的委托，“中矿联”发布的报告也显示这方面的投资已经放缓。
另一方面，越来越多的大陆私营企业登上世界经济舞台。山东民营企业“玉皇化工集团”今年7月下旬宣布，将投资18亿5000万美元，分三期在美国新建一座世界级的甲醇生产厂。他们看中的是美国充裕的天然气资源，和远低于国际市场的价格。
茅于轼：“私企投资都很成功，国企不但在外国投资不成功，在中国投资也是不成功的。核心问题不是在外国还是在中国，问题是国企还是私企。国企就失败了，私企大部分都能成功。中国人在东南亚也好，在欧洲、非洲，投资都是成功的多。”
大陆经济学者多年前就指出，国有企业在海外的投资失败，原因是“对海外环境不了解，缺乏考察，盲目建项目盲目投资﹔不从企业实际情况出发，总想和当地最成功企业竞争，不能扬长避短﹔缺乏适应当地市场需求的实际人才﹔经营管理不能完全市场化，仍处于半政府状态﹔分配不公，监督机制不完善﹔以及恶意转移国家资产”等。
旅居海外多年的高女士透露，他丈夫“北京大学”外语系毕业后先在驻外使馆工作，然后到海外国企的办事处任职。他们的工作都是按国内的指令去做﹔如果大陆高官或企业高管来访时，他们都要放下手中的工作，全力接待。
采访编辑/唐音 后制/陈建铭
Overseas Investment State-owned and Private Enterprises Face Success or Failure
More than 90 percent of over 20,000 Chinese enterprises investing overseas are loss making, whether state-owned, central or private enterprises, admits mainland official. Mao Yushi, mainland economist points out that most of the state-owned enterprises fail to get overseas investment, but with private enterprises it’s to the contrary. Why there is so much difference between state-owned and private enterprises in overseas investment? Let’s see the detail.
Wang Wenli, vice president of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT), disclosed Chinese companies invested 80 billion dollars in the US, involving computers, wind power projects, mechanical and real estate. A large part of the investment, about 20 billion dollars are in real estate
Media and academics often discuss reasons for the lack of overseas investment in Chinese enterprises. These include: different political systems, results in different economic operating modes and different business operation ideas. For example, the function of trade unions is completely different between China and other countries. Chinese environmental standards fall short of international so the additional investment needed is unprofitable. The mature Western market economy opposes monopolistic behavior from Chinese state-owned enterprises and so on.
Mao Yushi: “it’s a common problem due to different cultures, environment and systems. We cannot say 100 percent failure because most private investment is a success. The losers are mainly the state-owned enterprises because they spend other people’s money and do not care.So the 90% means the state-owned enterprises; the private enterprises are to the contrary, 90% successful."
Lloyd Blankfein, head of Goldman Sachs, in the top US 500. points out that we need to distinguish between Chinese private and state-owned enterprises in investment. For China state-owned enterprise investment and acquisition, US regulators need to consider not only national security, but also whether the intention of their economic behavior is for business or nation. There is actually only one controller for the different state-owned enterprises – the Chinese authorities. So they are subject to U.S. domestic antitrust law constraint.
Political commenter Lan Shu: “the official enterprise operation is not much different in China because it is still a government enterprise operation under the same totalitarian system. Their processes include decision-making still not using international standards which leave their marketing sensitivity, marketing and customer service processes a long way to go."
According to a mainland media report last year, China’s overseas mining investment failure rate is up to 80 percent. For example: Australia is a mining country, but China mining investment there dropped to its historic lowest point in the first half last year. Chang Yuguo, director of China Mining Association International Finance Project disclosed, China has very little success in investment in potash and iron ore areas. The Chinese Communist Party Ministry of Land Resources and Commerce entrusted the Mining Association to release the report showing that investment in potash and iron ore has slowed
But more and more mainland private enterprises are on the world economic stage. Shandong private enterprise Yuhuang Chemical Company announced late July investment of 1,850 million dollars to build a world-class methanol production plant in the US. They picked abundant natural gas resources and the lowest market price in the world in the US.
Mao Yushi: “most private enterprise investment is successful. State-owned enterprise investment not only failed in foreign countries but also in China. The core issue is not between a foreign country or China, but between state- or private-owned enterprises. Chinese private enterprise investment is all successful no matter in Southeast Asia, or in Europe and Africa. “
Many years ago, mainland economists pointed out that the reason that the state-owned enterprises fail overseas investment is because they do not understand the overseas environment; lack investigation and blindly invest in construction projects. They can’t avoid weakness to go from the actual, but want to compete with local successful enterprise; lack the real talents to adapt to local market needs; manage in semi-government status not market-oriented; adopt inadequate monitor mechanisms with unfair distribution; transfer state assets with ill will.
Ms. Gao who lived abroad for many years revealed that her husband worked in the embassy in foreign countries after he graduated from Peking University Foreign Language Department, then worked in overseas state-owned enterprise offices. Their work is done by domestic instruction. If officials or business executives visit, they have to try their best to welcome them by leaving their work.
Interview & Edit/TangYin Post-Production/Chen Jianming
