【新唐人2014年08月07日訊】中共特色的戶籍制度長期以來備受各界關注。日前，中共政府宣佈，將對中國戶籍制度進行改革，取消農業戶口與非農業戶口的區分，統一城鄉戶口登記制度，在大、中、小城市實行不同的農村戶籍人口的落戶政策，建立居住證制度等。專家表示，解決土地所有權是根本問題，否則，中國社會將長期陷入矛盾、衝突，不安定因素之中。
中共國務院7月24號印發的《關於進一步推進戶籍制度改革的意見》中說，取消農業戶口與非農業戶口性質區分，和由此衍生的「藍印戶口」等戶口類型，統一登記為居民戶口。
中國金融智庫研究員鞏勝利表示，中國戶籍制度改革已50年了，中國的公民仍然被分成上、中、下3個等分。
中國金融智庫研究員鞏勝利：「這一次習、李新政第一次提出把國民的居民證打通，但是對於農村人口的三座大山，教育、醫藥、還有社保這三座大山，好像沒有提出任何的方案和解決的辦法。」
1958年1月9號，中共頒布了第一部戶籍制度——《中華人民共和國戶口登記條例》，根據地域和家庭成員關係，將戶籍屬性劃分為農業戶口和非農業戶口。
自1994年，中共相繼在上海、深圳、蘇州及北京等一些較大城市，實行「藍印戶口」，將投資購房、固定工作與戶口拴在一起，不過這項政策於2002年4月被終止，改為使用「居住證」制度管理外來人員。
這次中共國務院的戶籍改革意見提出，要統一城、鄉戶口登記制度，調整戶口遷移政策，創新人口管理，建立「居住證」制度。
北京律師程海向媒體表示，全國人大1958年通過的《戶口登記條例》第6條規定，戶口要登記在經常居住地。戶口本身是登記人口信息，它本來沒有別的作用。國務院現在所謂的改革，實際上是對原來違法行為的略微糾偏，但整體上還是違法的。
北京律師程海：「首先它是違反法律的、違法的，戶口的條令，戶口法就是規定統一的居民戶口。第二個它限制人的戶口遷移，把戶口變成是一個限制人的秘密工具，居住證設立本身也是違法的，中國居民是在任何國土上面都可以自由居住的，居民身份證嚴格說是有戶口的居民它進行權利區別、進行限制，也是另外的一個違法。」
程海說，現在政府部門把戶口的遷移作為斂財的工具，為自己謀取私利，公安部門的人參與賣戶口，一個戶口可以賣到幾十萬。
美國《紐約時報》說，中國戶籍制度可能是「戶口」的障礙，是毛澤東時代的產物，限制許多農村地區人口到城市永久定居，以及小地區的居民遷入如上海和北京這樣的大城市。目地是不讓飢餓的農民湧入城市。
前陜西電視臺編輯馬曉明：「實際上，這個戶籍制度本身就是中共為了控制人民，特別控制生活和生產環境特別惡劣的農民，保留在農業的區域之內。」
2005年底至今，中共開始所謂改革戶籍制度，先後有13個省、市、自治區取消了農業戶口和非農業戶口性質劃分。
但專家表示，這些變化的意義不大，除非福利、住房等政策也發生相應改變，以克服持久的不平等。
不過，「清華大學人文學院」歷史系教授秦暉說，最近十多年來很多地方已經出現了當局要強行取締、取消農民戶口而農民堅決不同意抗爭的現象，按照現在的這個制度，這個農民的土地是和農業戶口綁在一起的，所謂的取消農業戶口，其實就是要把農民的土地給剝奪了。
鞏勝利：「中國戶口制的改革，這個方案裡面沒有解決農民的土地與戶口之間的區別問題，土地，因為它強行把它列為國家所有，那麼中國老百姓1358沒有私人土地的權利，所以這個機制有它死點的根源，沒辦法解決。」
鞏勝利表示，如果中共不解決土地私有權，這個問題勢必成為中國社會矛盾的最大激發點和爆發點。
採訪編輯/易如 後製/葛雷
Experts: Land Reform Is the Key Factor to
China’s Household Registration System.
The household registration system of Communist China
has raised widespread concerns for years.
Recently, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) announced
China will reform the household registration system.
They will eliminate the distinction between agricultural and
non-agricultural households.
This will unify the household (huko) registration system.
The CCP will implement this in all sizes of cities, various
rural household settlement policies and establish the
residence permit system. Experts said that land ownership
is the fundamental issue.
Chinese society will have conflicts and social unrests
without resolution to this issue.
On July 24 the CCP State Council issued a statement;
“Opinions to Further Promote the Reform to the Household
Registration System.”
It said to eliminate the distinction between
agricultural and non-agricultural household accounts.
As a result, “Blue Print Household” and other types of
household accounts all became resident accounts.
China’s financial think tank and researcher Gong Shengli
said that the CCP has been tried to reform the household
registration system reform for 50 years, but China’s citizens
are still divided into the upper, middle and lower classes.
Gong Shengli, “this time the new regime of Xi Jinping
and Li Keqiang for the first time proposed to break
through the household registration system.
But there seems to be no plans or solution to the three huge
mountains of rural population:
Education, medicine and social security.”
On January 9, 1958 the CCP implemented its first household
registration system called the People’s Republic of China
Household Registration Ordinance.
It classifieds households as agricultural and non-agricultural
accounts based on geographical areas and family relationship.
Since 1994, the CCP implemented the “Blue Print Household”
in Shanghai, Shenzhen, Suzhou, Beijing and other large cities.
It ties real estate investment, and employment to households.
But this policy was terminated in April 2002.
Management of outside households was replaced by
the Residence Permit System.
The State Council stated to unify the city and rural household
registration system, adjust the household migration policy,
innovate population management and create the Residence
Permit System.
Beijing lawyer Cheng Hai told the media that Article 6 of
the 1958 Household Registration Ordinance passed by the
National People’s Congress states household accounts should
be registered at the habitual residence.
Huko itself was to register population.
It did not have other impact.
The State Council’s reform is actually to correct its illegal
behavior. But overall it’s action is still illegal.
Beijing lawyer Cheng Hai, “first, it is against the law. The
Huko regulations is a unified system of resident accounts.
It limits peoples’ movements. It was turned into a secret
tool to restrict people.
The establishment of residence permits is also illegal.
Chinese residents can live anywhere in the country at will.
The resident identity card system distinguishes people
and restricts people. It is also illegal.”
Cheng Hai said that the government used huko migration
as a money-making tool for their own personal gain.
Public security departments participate in selling huko.
One account can be sold for hundreds of thousands of yuan.
The New York Times stated that China’s Household
Registration System might be an obstacle to huko.
It was set up during Mao Zedong’s time.
It restricts rural population to permanently settle down in
cities, as well as limiting people moving from smaller cities
to big cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. Its goal was stop
hungry people from moving to cities.
Former Sha’anxi TV Station editor Ma Xiaoming,
“in fact this system is for the CCP to control people.
Especially to control farmers who live in harsh conditions
and keep them in the areas of agriculture.”
Since late 2005, the CCP began the so-called reform to
the household registration system.
Thirteen provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions
removed the differences between agricultural and non-
agricultural hukou accounts.
But experts said these changes do not carry much meaning,
unless there are parallel changes to welfare, housing and
other policies that remove inequalities.
Professor of history at College of Humanities of Qinghuan
University Qin Hui said that in the last decade, there have
been many conflicts between farmers and local authorities
who want to forcefully remove farmer’s rural huko.
According to the current system, land and farmers are tied
together.
To remove agriculture huko is to take away
land from the farmers.
Gong Shengli, “the reform of the hukou system
does not solve the problem of farmers’ land.
It forcefully takes all lands to the state.
Chinese people have no private land.
So this mechanism has a huge issue with no solution.”
Gong Shengli said that if the CCP does not resolve private
land ownership, it will become the largest social conflict.
Interview & Edit/YiRu Post-Production/GeLei
