【新唐人2013年07月22日訊】「北京大學」發佈的一份最新社會調查顯示，中國家庭貧富差距高達234倍，儘管這一數字令許多大陸民眾感到震驚，但經濟、社會學家認為，中國大陸真正的貧富差距遠遠高於這個調查結果，而且還在持續擴大，一旦突破民眾的容忍底限，將有可能導致社會動亂。
北京大學「中國社會科學調查中心」7月17號發佈《中國家庭追蹤調查》報告顯示，2012年，中國大陸的家庭人均純收入均值為13033元，收入最低的5%的家庭人均收入只有1000元，而收入最高的5%家庭的人均收入則高達34300元，兩者相差234倍。但有社會觀察家表示，由於部分群體存在隱性福利和灰色收入，中國的家庭貧富分化程度實際可能更為嚴重。
中國金融智庫研究員鞏勝利：「我覺得它這個調查，它的數據採集可能有一些侷限性，我想不要說3萬了，30萬可能都不止。或者它在某些範圍內展開的（調查），中國差距不止這麼多，這是肯定的。」
判斷民眾收入分配公平程度的指標，被學術界稱為基尼係數，基尼係數越接近0，表示民眾收入越平等，基尼係數越大，收入分配就越不平均。中國「西南財經大學」去年12月發佈的統計報告顯示﹕2010年中國大陸的基尼係數已突破0.6，達到了0.61，遠超過國際上0.4的警戒線，世界罕見。
究竟甚麼原因造成了中國巨大的貧富差距呢？各專家學者的說法不一，有人將它概括為發展原因、體制原因和制度原因，三個方面。
中國經濟學學者段紹譯：「第一方面是，因為現在中國不是真正的市場經濟，第二個原因是因為，中國的社會保障體系現在還很差。」
中國經濟學學者，經濟專欄作家段紹譯指出，由於缺少有力的社會保障機制和救助機制，城市的貧困人口和底層群眾，一旦遇到重病、災害，會立即陷入絕境，很多時候，僅僅因為家裏有一個重病人就導致全家瀕臨破產。
另一種觀點則認為，由於「城鄉二元制度」存在，使城鄉貧富差距更為顯著。
鞏勝利：「第一是城鎮人口與農村人口的差別，這種差別是從源頭拉大的，比如說，農村人口，生下來以後就是赤裸裸的，不管就業、不管看病、不管上學，那麼這些錢都要自己掏，這些錢從哪裏來啊？」
雖然造成貧富差距的具體原因有很多，但多數人認為，中共的體制以及特權階層的存在，導致社會資源配置不公，正是造成少數富，多數窮的主要原因。
段紹譯：「有很多特權參與社會財富的分配，好比說，我們中國有很多的高幹子弟、有政府背景的人，他們就容易 利用特權得到比較好的機會。」
大陸媒體披露中共特權階層六大便利通道，一度引發強烈反響。其中包括公款吃喝等福利待遇的享受，特權房、特權醫療等資源的搶佔，各種「特供產品」的供應，官二代、軍二代的教育、就業、經商的優先權等。
「北大」的調查報告也顯示，在所謂「體制內」工作的家庭成員，收入明顯高於社會的平均水準。
然而，隨著貧富差距的持續擴大、和特權階層占有的社會資源逐漸增加，以及收入分配的不公，社會階層的矛盾也隨之加大。
段紹譯：「如果是用特權變得更加富有，而因為沒有這種特權而貧窮，老百姓的這個仇富心理，也會引起社會的不安定。」
鞏勝利：「貧富差距大的國家不穩定，這樣的社會岌岌可危。」
評論指出，中國巨大的貧富差異已經成為大陸最嚴重的民生問題，社會衝突隨時有激化或爆發的可能。
採訪/朱智善 編輯/張天宇 後製/蕭宇
234 Fold Difference in China Rich and Poor Income Gap
The latest Chinese Family Panel Study by
Peking University indicated a 234 fold difference
in family income between the rich and the poor.
As surprising as this figure may sound, economic and
social experts suspect the actual gap is much wider.
The gap is not only continuing to get wider,
but is also challenging people’s tolerance.
Social unrest is likely to occur if this is left unresolved.
On July 17, the Social Science Institute of Peking University
released the results of the Chinese Family Panel Studies.
It indicated that the average annual income
for a family in 2012 was 13,000 Yuan.
The lowest 5% income was only 1,000 Yuan,
and the highest 5% income was 34,300 yuan.
There was a 234 fold difference.
Social observers suggest that the difference
might be more severe than this study has showed.
This is due to hidden benefits, as well as gray
income associated with certain interest groups.
Gong Shengli, finance analyst: “I believe
there’s certain limitations within the survey.
The richest could have earned more
than just a few tens of thousands.
The survey might be limited in this area.
It is certain that the gap between the rich and
the poor is far more than the data has showed.”
The Gini coefficient is an approximate measure
of the income inequality in a society.
A Gini coefficient of zero represents perfect equality.
The higher the coefficient,
the greater the disparity in wealth.
According to a survey by Southwestern University
of Finance and Economics last December,
China’s 2010 Gini coefficient has reached 0.61.
This far exceeds the international warning level of 0.4
What exactly has contributed to
this huge wealth gap in China?
Amongst various theories, experts
believe there are three causes.
These are developmental, systematic, and structural.
Duan Shaoyi, economist: “First, there
is no real market economy in China.
Secondly, China has a very poor social security system.”
Duan Shaoyi indicates that due to a lack of an effective
social security and social support, impoverished populations
will collapse with just one disease or natural disaster.
That means a family will go bankrupt
with just one unfortunate incident.
The current “urban-rural dual system" in Chinese
society also contributes to the wide income gap.
Gong Shengli: “There is a fundamental difference
between the urban and the rural populations.
Being in rural areas, people are born with nothing.
There are no jobs, health service, or education.
There is no social welfare. They need to come
up with the money themselves for everything.”
Among all the various reasons behind the huge gap,
it is believed that
the Communist system and the privileged groups are
another main reasons for social welfare injustice and
the disparity between the rich and poor.
Duan Shaoyi: “Privileged groups, such as offspring of
cadres and officials, have access to social wealth allocation.”
Take six convenient channels enjoyed by the
Communist privileged groups as an example.
According to Chinese media reports, interest groups not
only enjoy welfare in housing, medicine, and products.
They are also prioritized in education, job placements,
and businesses for the younger generations.
The recent survey report released by Peking University
also showed the significantly higher income for those
who are categorized as being in the Communist regime.
However, social class conflicts will increase with
the ever expanding gap between rich and the poor.
This will also be impounded by increasing advantages
of social resources allocation to the privileged groups.
Duan Shaoyi: “Social instability will continue to
grow as the poors hatred for the rich will increases.”
Gong Shengli: “A country with a wide wealth gap
is unstable, and the society is in great danger.”
The huge disparity has become the most severe problem
in China, and social conflicts could take place at any time.
