【新唐人2013年06月08日訊】中國大陸每年一次的高考已經開始。然而，並非所有高三應屆生都將參與到這場大型考試中，許多人在沒開始的時候就選擇了放棄。近年來高考人數連年下降。今年與去年相比，下降了3萬。此外，還存在大量的高考棄考人數。棄考人數今年可能將達到100萬。農村學生和精英家庭學生是棄考的兩大群體，但是原因卻截然不同。
據大陸媒體報導，高考人數的變化，在2009年成為分水嶺，當年全中國有1020萬人報名參加高考，高考人數首次下降，有84萬高中應屆畢業生沒有參加高考。
2009年之後，高考人數連年下降，從2010年的957萬人到2011年的933萬人、2012年的915萬人，今年則再減少了3萬人。棄考人數在3年內保持在80萬左右的規模。近年，棄考人數以每年接近10萬人的速度在增加，今年全中國棄考學生大約為100萬人。
報導說，棄考學生中，農村孩子佔了絕大多數。棄考學生因就業難而棄考，這部分估計佔60%。
「北京外語大學」新聞學副教授喬木認為，就業難和學費貴，是棄考的兩個主要原因。
北京外國語大學副教授喬木：「一方面是從長遠來看，就業很難，第二點，本身他想著考上以後也要交學費。特別像中國這兩年大學擴招主要針對的是二、三本，就是地方院校的擴招非常多，他們會吸納大多數學生。而這個二、三本院校收費都不低。所以可能眼前的利益交不起學費，長遠來說不好就業。就使得他們放棄。」
喬木分析，大學畢業生就業難，存在短期和長期的原因。短期的是指結構性矛盾。前兩年中國經濟高速增長，今年以來消費乏力，特別是隨著金融危機仍然沒見好轉，最終影響到中國出口和製造業。從長遠來看，中國存在一些制度性的矛盾，比如說戶籍制度。
北京外國語大學副教授喬木：「特別就就業來說，我們現在的學生如果要解決所謂戶口編製的話，只能選擇去國家部委做公務員或者國有企業，或者事業單位，只有這三類單位是可以解決戶口的。大多數單位比如說私人企業或者其他的一些公司，它是解決不了戶口的。但是這三類單位的用人總量實際上是在減少，並沒有那麼多。」
「北京思源社會科學研究中心」總裁曹思源表示，如果高中畢業以後上大學找工作還是很難的話，人們就不願意上大學。
北京思源社會科學研究中心總裁曹思源：「現在大家有新的讀書無用論。讀書以後找工作不容易，工資也不高。使一些人產生了讀書無用論，對高考的積極性有所下降。」
據報導，很多農村學生好不容易考上二本、三本學校，就業卻非常困難。一些高中畢業生外出打工，在私營企業每個月也能掙到兩、三千元，這更促使許多學生放棄高考。
跟農村學生形成對比的是，棄考的另一個人群是高收入精英家庭的子女。他們許多人在高中畢業之後選擇出國留學，客觀上減少了高考報名人數。據統計，2009年到2012年間，出國留學人數以每年超過20%的速度增長，2011年出國留學人數近34萬，去年則超過40萬。上海外國語大學附屬中學高中部，今年的畢業生330人，其中保送110人，而140名學生已被國外大學錄取。
曹思源指出，精英家庭高中生去國外讀大學，這反映出中國大學教育落後。如果要改變這種狀況，首先是要教授辦校，而不能政治辦校。
採訪編輯/秦雪 後製/孫寧
Millions Give Up College Entrance Exams in China
In China, the annual college entrance exams are approaching.
However, not all high school students will
participate in this large-scale examination.
Many people have chosen to give up.
In recent years, the number of students in the
college entrance examination had been declining.
Compared with last year, there was a
decrease of 30,000 exams taken this year.
In addition, there are many giving up during the exams,
and the number is likely to reach 1 million this year.
Rural students, and those from elite families, are two major
groups to give up exams, but the reasons are very different.
According to media reports in China, the number of students
enrolling in college entrance exams in 2009 was 10.2 million.
This was a first decline in the number the exam takers,
and 840,000 high school graduates did not take the exam.
After 2009, the number of entrants declined continually,
from 9.57 million in 2010 to 9.33 million in 2011.
There were 9.15 million in 2012, and there
is a further reduction of 30,000 in 2013.
In the past three years, those who
gave up the exam were about 800,000.
In recent years, the number of people who gave
up the exam had been increasing at 10,000 a year,
and reached about 1 million people this year.
It is reported that among those who gave up
their exams, rural students form the majority.
This is because of difficulties in finding
a job, which accounts for about 60%.
Qiao Mu, is an associate professor of journalism
in Beijing Foreign Languages University.
Qiao believes two mains reasons for giving up exams are
difficulty finding employment, and expensive tuition fees.
Qiao Mu: “On the one hand, and in
the long run, employment is difficult.
Secondly, they need to pay tuition, even if admitted.
Especially during recent years, university enrollment
extension is aimed primarily at lower level colleges.
In other words, enrollment in local institutions
is very large, and absorbs most of the students.
However, the colleges tuition is not low priced at all.
In the short term, they cannot afford to pay
tuition; and long term, employment is difficult.
So finally, they give up their exams.”
Qiao Mu analyzes that difficulty finding employment for
college graduates had short-term and long-term causes.
The short term causes are structural contradictions.
China had rapid economic growth in the past two years.
In 2013, consumption is weak, especially
with the financial crisis still there.
Ultimately, it affected the Chinese
export and manufacturing industries.
In the long run, China has some institutional
contradictions, such as the household registration system.
Qiao Mu: “Specifically on employment, if our students now
want to solve their so-called household registration status,
they can only choose to go to the national ministries
or state owned enterprises, or public institutions.
Only these three departments can
change household registration status.
Most units, such as private enterprises, or some other
companies, cannot solve household registration status.
But employment in these three units is actually
declining, and there are not so many jobs.”
CEO Cao Siyuan of Beijing Siyuan Social
Science Research Center commented.
If after graduating college, it is still very difficult
to find a job, people will not want to go to college.
Cao Siyuan: “We have a new opinion that study is useless.
It is not easy to find a job after studying, and the wage is
not high. Some people have a view that studying is useless.
Their enthusiasm towards entrance exams has declined.”
According to reports, many rural students
were finally admitted to local colleges,
but employment afterwards is very difficult.
Some high school graduates go
out to work in the private sector.
They can earn over 2,000 yuan a month, which has prompted
many students to give up the college entrance examinations.
In contrast with the rural students, another group giving
up on the exams are children from high-income families.
Many of them choose to study abroad after graduating
from high school, reducing the number of exam entrants.
According to statistics, from 2009 to 2012,
the number of students studying abroad
had an annual growth rate of over 20%.
In 2011, nearly 340,000 people went to study
abroad. In 2012, there were more than 400,000.
The Affiliated High School of Shanghai International
Studies University had 330 graduates this year.
This included 110 recommended to domestic universities,
and 140 students admitted to universities abroad.
Cao Siyuan pointed out that high school students
of elite families going abroad to study reflected
the Chinese university education had fallen behind.
To change this situation, the first thing to do is for a
professor to run school, not politicians to run school.
