【新唐人2014年11月27日訊】中共在西藏雅魯藏布江幹流上建設的第一座大型水電站——藏木水電站，日前正式投產發電。不過，這個水電項目卻令不少環保人士和下游的印度等國感到不安。有水利工程專家表示，藏木水電站將會加速西藏高原升溫。
據中共黨媒《新華網》報導，23號下午，歷時近8年、總投資96億元、共6臺機組，總裝機容量51萬千瓦的藏木水電站首臺機組，正式投產發電。
藏木水電站位於海拔3300米以上的雅魯藏布江中游、山南地區加查縣境內，由中國華能集團公司投資、建設和運營，設計年發電量25億千瓦時，是西藏第一座大型水電站。報導說，該電站第二臺機組將於12月中旬發電，6臺機組明年全部投產發電。
報導援引國家電網西藏電力有限公司董事長劉曉明的話說，藏木水電站的投產，將從根本上解決西藏中部電網的供電難題，特別是眼下正值冬季缺電。
不過，生活在德國的國際水資源問題、水利工程專家王維洛向《德國之聲》指出，西藏其實並不缺電，而且開放西藏的太陽能和地熱資源，應該優先於開放西藏的水資源。
王維洛表示，目前中國的科學家就雅魯藏布江上的大壩對上游的影響認識不足，這種影響可能不堪設想，它可能會改變上游地區的降水，加速西藏高原升溫。
據《新華網》去年1月的報導，中共國務院已批准在雅魯藏布江中游建造三座新大壩，而這三個新批項目中的其中一個，其規模大於藏木水電站。
在雅魯藏布江建壩，多年來一直引起處於下游的印度和孟加拉等國的關注。印度外長胡爾希德（Salman Khurshid）曾經要求中共「不得進行任何有損下游利益的活動」。
民間組織「綠色江河」副秘書長譚作人：「會有國際糾紛的，它是國際性的河流，在自然生態和社會問題上都會有一些問題的，下游的生活、生產、生態肯定都會受到影響的，因為水量減少了，上面蓄水嘛，上面的蓄水調劑是根據自己的需要，那對下游的考慮肯定會比較少的，這是現實存在的問題。」
據英國廣播公司《BBC》報導，中共曾保證水電工程不會減少雅魯藏布江的水量，因為設計的都是徑流式水電站，沒有蓄水功能，但這並沒有減輕印度方面的擔心。
報導還說，不少環保人士對中共在雅魯藏布江流域興建大型水電站持反對態度。他們擔心，修建水壩將對該地區地殼的穩定產生影響，危及下游數以百萬計的居民。
譚作人：「很多建設工程，包括工業的佈局，水電的規劃都是，只從利益集團的角度出發，對公共利益和對環境的後果，對社會的影響，它是不負責任的。」
王維洛表示，逕流式水電站確實對下游影響不大，但目前投產的藏木水電站是一座混凝土的重力壩，而且高度相當高，作為雅魯藏布江上的首座大型攔水大壩，對下游肯定會有影響。
四川地質學者楊勇向《自由亞洲電臺》表示，對雅魯藏布江的水電開發要持謹慎態度。
楊勇指出，擔心的問題是，藏木水電站是否意味著雅魯藏布江全段流電站建設的開始，因為雅魯藏布江的地質、生態更具有敏感性，對南亞地區的生態也至關重要。然而，包括環境、公眾參與和有爭議問題的相關信息，披露的非常少。
四川維權人士黃曉敏：「我現在還沒有聽說它的決策過程、選址，到它的施工，移民拆遷，包括今後的運作。我們應該記取中共歷史早期的工程，包括現在的葛洲壩三峽電站的經驗教訓。」
王維洛還指出，國際科學家將地球升溫兩度視為地球生存極限，西藏高原在最近50年內升溫已經超過兩度，而藏木水電站的建成很可能加速這一現狀。青藏高原不僅是印度馬普特拉河的發源地，也是中國長江、黃河、瀾滄江和怒江等大江大河的發源地。
因此，在王維洛看來，藏木水電站對中國人的影響，遠遠超過對印度的影響，只是印度可以發聲，中國人不可以。
採訪/秦雪 編輯/陳潔 後製/鍾元
Tibetan Hydropower Station Accelerates Warming
Of Tibetan Plateau
The first large-scale hydropower station constructed
on Tibet’s Brahmahputra River, known as the Zangmu Dam,
began operation recently.
However, this hydropower project caused unease
among many environmentalists and countries downstream
such as India.
Some hydraulic engineering experts say that the Zangmu Dam
will accelerate the warming of the Tibetan plateau.
According to Chinese Communist Party (CCP) media “Xinhua",
the first generating unit of Zangmu Hydropower Station with a
total installed capacity of 510 Megawatts officially began
operating in the afternoon on the 23rd.
The project took 8 years, 9.6 billion yuan (US$ 150 million)
in investments and consists of 6 generating units.
Zangmu Dam is 3300 meters above sea level, constructed
on the middle reaches of the Brahmaputra River and is located
within the Gyaka county of Shannan prefecture.
The project is run and funded by the China Huaneng Group.
As the first large scale hydropower station in Tibet, the dam
generates 2.5 billion kW.h (kilowatt-hours) annually.
According to reports, the second generating unit will
begin operation in mid-December.
All 6 units will begin operation by next year.
Chairman Liu Xiaoming of State Grid’s Tibet Electric Power Co,
said that Zangmu Dam will fundamentally solve the problem of
power shortage in Central Tibet, which is especially
acute in winter.
However, German resident Wang Weiluo, an expert in
international water resource and hydraulic engineering
told “Deutsche Welle" that Tibet does not have a
power shortage in reality.
Furthermore, harnessing Tibet’s solar power and geothermal
resource should take precedence over Tibet’s hydropower.
Wang Weiluo said that currently, the Chinese scientists have
insufficient understanding of the impacts of dams on the
upper reaches of the Brahmaputra river.
These impacts can be disastrous.
The dam may alter the precipitation in the upper reaches
and accelerate the warming of the Tibetan Plateau.
According to a report from “Xinhua" in January last year,
the State Council has approved the construction of
3 large dams in the Brahmaputra River.
Among the 3 newly approved projects, one of them
exceeds the Zangmu Dam in scale.
The construction of a dam in the Brahmaputra river has been
attracting attention from India, Bangladesh, and other
countries downstream for many years.
Indian Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid once requested
the CCP: to avoid undertaking any activities detrimental
to the interests of those downstream.
Deputy Secretary-General of NGO “Green River", Tan Zuoren:
An international dispute is inevitable as it is an
international river and it will create problems for the
natural ecology and society.
The life, production and ecology of downstream will suffer
from the decrease in water flow which is being intercepted
by the dam.
The adjustment of water levels is based on the needs
from upstream and considerations for downstream will
definitely be inadequate.
This is a real problem.
According to a report from the BBC, the CCP had once promised
that the hydropower project will not reduce the water quantity
of Brahmaputra river.
The dam is based on a “run-of-river" design and it does not
have water-storage capacities.
However, this did not alleviate India’s concerns.
The report also stated that many environmentalists are opposed
to the construction of large hydropower stations
in the Brahmaputra River by the CCP.
They are worried that the construction of dams will affect
the stability of the crust in the region and endanger millions
of residents who are living downstream.
Tan Zuoren: Many of these construction projects, including
industrial layouts and hydropower planning are considered
from the perspectives of interest groups.
They are indifferent towards the impact of these projects
on public interest, environment and the society.
Wang Weiluo said that the “run-of-river" model of
hydropower stations indeed have reduced
the impact on downstream.
But the Zangmu Dam is a concrete gravity dam with
a significant height.
As the first large-scale dam in the Brahmaputra River,
its impact downstream will not be negligible.
Szechuan geologist Yang Yong told “Radio Free Asia" that the
generation of hydropower at Brahmaputra River
should proceed with caution.
Yangyong is worried that the construction of Zangmu Dam
marks the beginning of hydropower generation at
Brahmaputra River on a wider and more extensive scale.
Brahmaputra River has sensitive geology and ecology,
and its conditions are critical to the ecology of South Asia.
However, there is little evidence of public participation and
debates on relevant information
in the decision making process.
Szechuan activist Huang Xiaomin: To this date, I have not
heard anything about its decision-making process, from
site-selection, construction, relocation of residents
to follow-up operations.
The CCP undertook similar projects in its early years
with disastrous effect.
The recent Gezhouba Water Control Project
was also controversial.
We should remember these historic lessons.
Wang Weiluo said that, according to International scientists,
a rise of two degrees in temperature is the limit for survival
on earth in the scheme of global warming.
However, the temperature increase in the Tibetan Plateau
has already exceeded two degrees in the last 50 years.
The situation is likely to deteriorate with the construction
of the dam.
The Tibetan Plateau is not only the birthplace or source of
India’s Brahamaputra River.
It is also the source of China’s Yangtze, Yellow River,
Lancang River, Nujiang and other great rivers of China.
Therefore, Wang Weiluo believes that the impact of
Zangmu Hydropower Station on the Chinese people
far exceeds its impact on India.
However, only India have a voice, the Chinese people do not.
Interview/QinXue Edit/ChenJie Post-Production/ZhongYuan
